RESUMEN Introducción: Tras un cirugía periapical, suele estar asociado un defecto óseo que puede ser regenerado o no según la literatura. El objetivo es analizar si la regeneración ósea asociada a la cirugía periapical tiene efectos beneficiosos en la curación de los diferentes defectos. Material y Métodos: Revisión sistemática realizada en Medline-Pubmed, Scopus y Cochrane. Se consideraron criterios PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios de casos y controles, de cohortes y transversales publicados entre enero 2011 y abril 2022, que analizaran el éxito de la cirugía periapical combinada o no con diferentes técnicas de regeneración ósea, idioma inglés o español, realizados en humanos y adultos (≥16años) fueron incluidos. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 8 artículos que analizaban una "n" total de 285 sujetos con 35 abandonos. Se analizan diferentes tipos de lesiones: lesiones transversales, defectos apicomarginales y lesiones periapicales, excepto un estudio que compara las tres. Se utilizan diferentes materiales de regeneración. Se obtuvo un rango de éxito de regeneración ósea entre 81,6% y 93,7%. Discusión: Los avances en equipos de magnificación visual aumento, instrumentos y materiales endodónticos son la razón de un mayor éxito de las cirugías periapicales. Las imágenes en 3D, son valiosas para obtener un mejor diagnóstico del tamaño y tipo de defecto, y planificar así el tratamiento considerando la necesidad de regenerar o no. Aunque los resultados siguen siendo inciertos parece ser que en los defectos transversales y apicomarginales es mejor regenerar, al contrario de los defectos periapicales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: According to the literature, after a periapical surgery there usually remains a bone defect that may be regenerated or not. The aim of this review is to analyse whether bone regeneration associated with periapical surgery is favourable on the healing of different defects. Material and Methods: A systematic review was performed in Medline-Pubmed, Scopus and Cochrane. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) criteria were considered. Randomized clinical trials, case-control, cohort and cross-sectional studies published between January 2011 and April 2022, that analyses the success of periapical surgery associated or not with different bone regeneration techniques, English or Spanish, humans and adults (≥ 16years) studies were included. Results: A total of eightreports were included. They evaluated 285 subjects, with 35 subjects that dropped out. Different types of lesions were analysed in each report: through-and-through lesions, apico-marginal lesions, and periapical lesions, except for one that compared all of them. Different kinds of bone regenerative materials were used. A range of success of between 81,6% and 93,7% of bone regeneration was achieved. Discussion: Improvements in augmentation equipment, instruments, and materials are the reason for the large success of periapical surgery. 3D images are useful to make a better diagnosis of the size and kind of the defect and, in this way, to plan the treatment considering the need to regenerate or not. Although the results remain uncertain, it seems that for through-and-thought and apico-marginal lesions, it is better to regenerate in contrast with periapical lesions.

RESUMEN Introducción: La correcta homeostasis oral, asociada a una buena higiene oral, es necesaria para disminuir la de patógenos cariogénicos y la inhibición de patógenos periodontales, así como modular la respuesta inflamatoria. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los efectos de un dentífrico para la protección del microbioma oral, en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Odontológico Universidad de Barcelona (HOUB). Material y métodos: Ensayo Clínico Randomizado doble ciego y placebo en pacientes atendidos en el HOUB. En el Grupo estudio [GE] se utiliza una pasta dentífrica específica [PDE], que contiene como ingredientes activos aceite de oliva virgen extra, betaina y xilitol además de monofluorofosfato de sodio (1,450 ppm F-) + Excipientes. Y en el Grupo control [GC] se utiliza una pasta placebo sin ingredientes activos. A todos los pacientes se les realiza una exploración oral con parámetros clínicos periodontales, medición de pH, flujo salival (no estimulado y estimulado), recuento de citoquinas (TNF, IL-1 e IL-4.) y de carga total bacteriana, mediante PCR cuantitativa, al inicio y al mes del tratamiento. Resultados: Se incluyen un total de 26 pacientes, 17 mujeres y 9 hombres con una edad media de 48,76 años. El nivel de pH se mantuvo estable entre el inicio y final del estudio en ambos grupos, sin diferencias entre ellos. 11 pacientes indicaron la sensación subjetiva de encontrar la boca mejor, 7 eran test y 4 control (p=0.1); 10 pacientes encontraron la boca igual y solo uno (placebo) la encontró peor. En el análisis de la carga bacteriana mediante determinación de PCR cuantitativa de gen16S solo se analizaron 10 pacientes: 5 GE y 5 GC. En el grupo test bajó en todos los casos la carga de patógenos periodontales y en el grupo control, disminuyó en 4 aumentando en 1. En los 16 pacientes que se analizaron las citoquinas no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: El producto testado es bien aceptado por los pacientes y reduce tanto la inflamación oral como la carga bacteriana global, sin resultados estadísticamente significativos. Sería conveniente un estudio con una muestra más amplia para poder constatar si la tendencia de reducción de la carga de patógenos y de reducción de inflamación asociada se muestra significativa.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Correct oral homeostasis, associated with good oral hygiene, is necessary to decrease the bacterial load of cariogenic pathogens and the inhibition of periodontal pathogens, as well as to modulate inflammatory response. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of a toothpaste for the protection of the oral microbiome, in patients treated at the Hospital Odontológico Universidad de Barcelona (HOUB). Material and methods: Randomized double-blind clinical trial with placebo in patients treated at HOUB. In the Study Group [SG] a specific toothpaste [PDE] is used, which contains as active ingredients extra virgin olive oil, betaine and xylitol, as well as sodium monofluorophosphate (1,450 ppm F-) + Excipients. In the control group [CG] a placebo paste without active ingredients is used. All patients underwent an oral examination with periodontal clinical parameters, pH measurement, salivary flow (stimulated and unstimulated), cytokine count (TNF, IL-1 and IL-4.) and total bacterial load by qPCR16S at the beginning and one month after treatment. Results: A total of 26 patients were included, 17 women and 9 men, with a mean age of 48.76 years. The pH level remained stable between the beginning and the end of the study in both groups, with no differences between them. 11 patients felt their mouth was in a better state, 7 of which were test and 4 control (p=0.1); 10 patients felt their mouth was in the same as before the treatment; and only one (placebo) felt it was worse. For the 16S analysis, only 10 patients were analyzed: 5 SG and 5 CG. In the test group, the total bacterial load decreased in all cases, and in the control group, it decreased in 4 and increased in 1. Among the 16 patients whose cytokines were analyzed, no statistically significant differences were observed. Conclusions: The tested product is well accepted by patients and reduces both oral inflammation and the global bacterial load, without statistically significant results. A study with a larger sample would be advisable to verify if the trend of reduction in the load of pathogens and reduction of associated inflammation is significant.

ABSTRACT The genus Tithonia has been extensively studied to determine its bioactive effects of pharmaceutical and nutritional interest; therefore, this study aimed to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial effect of five extracts of Tithonia tubaeformis, obtained with ascending polarity solvents, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and ethanol. In addition, tannins, alkaloids, and total phenols were identified. The antioxidant effect of ABTS, DPPH radicals, and ferric ion reducing power was measured, and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of each extract was determined on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes. The results showed that the five extracts have antioxidant effects on ABTS, DPPH radicals, and ferric ion-reducing potential; however, methanol and ethanol had a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05). In addition, methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts showed antimicrobial activity; ethanol solvent was the best, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 1 mg/mL on Escherichia coli and 3 mg/mL on Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes respectively. These results suggest that Tithonia tubaeformis may be of pharmaceutical and nutritional interest due to the bioactive effects of phytochemicals in its extracts.

RESUMEN El género Tithonia, ha sido ampliamente estudiado para determinar sus efectos bioactivos de interés farmacéutico y nutricional, por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto antioxidante y antibacterial de cinco extractos de Tithonia tubaeformis, obtenidos con solventes de polaridad ascendente, hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etilo, metanol y etanol. Se identificó la presencia de taninos, alcaloides y fenoles totales. Se midió el efecto antioxidante a los radicales ABTS, DPPH y poder reductor al ion férrico, se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria de cada extracto sobre Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis y Listeria monocytogenes. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que los cinco extractos tienen efecto antioxidante sobre los radicales ABTS, DPPH y potencial reductor al ion férrico; sin embargo, los extractos que presentaron un efecto estadísticamente significativo (p < 0.05) fueron metanol y etanol. Los extractos de metanol, etanol y acetato de etilo mostraron actividad antimicrobiana, siendo el solvente de etanol el que mayor actividad antibacterial tuvo, con una Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria de 1 mg/mL sobre Escherichia coli y 3 mg/mL sobre Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli y Listeria monocytogenes. Estos resultados sugieren que Tithonia tubaeformis puede ser de interés farmacéutico y nutricional por los efectos bioactivos de los fitoquímicos presentes en sus extractos.

Abstract Chelates are nutrient-rich compounds that enhance the condition of plant tissues as micronutrients. Micronutrient deficiencies particularly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) leads to various problems for plant including chlorosis and necrosis etc. An adequate intake of Fe and Zn etc. is required by the human body. Biofortification of cereals with Fe and Zn is seen as a cost-effective solution to the problem of Fe and Zn deficiencies as well. In recent decades, many chelating compounds have been established and incorporated into agricultural systems. The most recent formulation involves the use of amino acids synthesized with one or more nutrient ions to improve fertilizer efficiency and better respond to environmental conservation. In addition to its primary function as a source of micronutrients, aminochelled are an active nitrogen (N) stimulant in plant nutrition, preventing the negative effects of basic N fertilizers like urea. The use of amino chelates, rather than just chemical fertilizers, has been shown to provide better production and quality as well as higher nutritional concentrations in several experiments. Furthermore, this review sheds light on various aspects of amino chelates fertilizers including types, history, and their effects on agricultural crops. In spite of amino chelates fast dominance in many countries’ fertilizer countries, there is not enough scientific data and knowledge on the specific reactions of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses from amino fertilizers.

Resumo Os quelatos são compostos ricos em nutrientes que melhoram a condição dos tecidos vegetais como micronutrientes. Deficiências de micronutrientes, particularmente ferro (Fe) e zinco (Zn), levam a vários problemas para as plantas, incluindo clorose e necrose, etc. A ingestão de uma quantidade adequada de Fe e Zn, etc., é exigida pelo corpo humano. A biofortificação de cereais com Fe e Zn também é vista como uma solução econômica para o problema das deficiências de Fe e Zn. Nas últimas décadas, muitos compostos quelantes foram estabelecidos e incorporados em sistemas agrícolas. A formulação mais recente envolve o uso de aminoácidos sintetizados com um ou mais íons nutrientes para melhorar a eficiência do fertilizante e responder melhor à conservação ambiental. Além de sua função primária como fonte de micronutrientes, os aminoquelados são um estimulante de nitrogênio (N) ativo na nutrição das plantas, evitando os efeitos negativos de fertilizantes nitrogenados básicos como a ureia. O uso de aminoquelatos, ao invés de apenas fertilizantes químicos, tem mostrado proporcionar melhor produção e qualidade, bem como maiores concentrações nutricionais em vários experimentos. Além disso, a presente revisão lança luz sobre vários aspectos dos fertilizantes aminoquelatos, incluindo tipos, história e seus efeitos nas culturas agrícolas. Apesar do domínio rápido dos aminoquelatos em muitos países de fertilizantes, não há dados científicos suficientes e conhecimento sobre as reações específicas das plantas aos estresses bióticos e abióticos dos fertilizantes amino.

Abstract The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations include a strong emphasis on ending hunger worldwide. According to the 2019 Global Food Security Index, while 88% of countries claim there is sufficient food supply in their country, the sad reality is that 1 in 3 countries is facing insufficient availability of food supply, which means that in those countries, more than 10% of the population is malnourished. Since nutrition is crucial to leading a healthy life and satisfying food security needs, several governments have turned to national nutrition surveys to gauge the extent of malnutrition in their populations. Plants are able to grow, develop, and store nutrients by photosynthesis, which convert light into chemical energy through cell redox regulatory networks. A photosynthesis system's electron flow may be adjusted to accommodate varying light and environmental circumstances. Many techniques exist for controlling the flow of electrons emitted during light processes in order to save or waste energy. The two protein molecules TROL and flavoenzyme ferredoxin (oxidoreductase+NADP) (FNR) interact dynamically to form an excellent molecular switch capable of splitting electrons from the photosystem. The TROL-FNR bifurcation may be limited by either generating NADPH or preventing reactive oxygen species from propagating. TROL-based genome editing is an experimental method for enhancing plant stress and defensive responses, efficiency, and ultimately agricultural production.

Resumo Os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de 2030 da Organização das Nações Unidas incluem uma forte ênfase em acabar com a fome em todo o mundo. De acordo com o Índice Global de Segurança Alimentar de 2019, enquanto 88% dos países afirmam que há abastecimento alimentar suficiente em seu país, a triste realidade é que 1 em cada 3 países enfrenta disponibilidade insuficiente de alimentos, o que significa que, nesses países, mais de 10% da população está desnutrida. Uma vez que a nutrição é crucial para levar uma vida saudável e satisfazer as necessidades de segurança alimentar, vários governos recorreram a pesquisas nacionais de nutrição para avaliar a extensão da desnutrição em suas populações. As plantas são capazes de crescer, desenvolver e armazenar nutrientes pela fotossíntese, que converte luz em energia química por meio de redes reguladoras redox celulares. O fluxo de elétrons de um sistema de fotossíntese pode ser ajustado para acomodar luz variável e circunstâncias ambientais. Existem muitas técnicas para controlar o fluxo de elétrons emitidos durante os processos de luz, a fim de economizar ou desperdiçar energia. As duas moléculas de proteína TROL e a flavoenzima ferredoxina (oxidorredutase+NADP) (FNR) interagem dinamicamente para formar um excelente interruptor molecular capaz de separar elétrons do fotossistema. A bifurcação TROL-FNR pode ser limitada, gerando NADPH ou impedindo a propagação de espécies reativas de oxigênio. A edição do genoma baseada em TROL é um método experimental para aumentar o estresse da planta, as respostas defensivas, a eficiência e, finalmente, a produção agrícola.

Abstract One of the new waters, and environmentally friendly agriculture initiatives in Peru is to encourage the utilization of agricultural waste, because low agricultural output is a threat to food security there. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of harvest residues on the basidiocarp production of the fungus Pleurotus Ostreatus, in Acobamba-Huancavelica. The trial had a completely randomized design, and the treatments included T1, barley stubbles; T2, wheat stubbles; T3, pea stubbles; T4, broad bean stubbles; and T5, quinoa stubbles. The research was quantitative in nature, taking the form of an experiment with an applied, explanatory level of design. The recorded data was tabulated and analyzed with analysis of variance, as well as Tukey's test (α:0.05), for which the statistical software Infostat was used. The results are presented in tables and graphs for a better interpretation. As main results, it was obtained that the time (colonization), diameter (stem, pileus), length (stem) and weight (basidiocarps), present statistical differences between treatments showing significant enhancement in all parameters. Despite a numerical difference, a Tukey average comparison test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the averages for the variable time for fungus colonisation, suggesting that the treatment T5 in which quinoa substrate showed the greatest average. Treatment T4 in which broad bean stubbles were used gave the most low-average. In conclusion, increment in all parámeters were noted in all treatment of Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus under Acobamba conditions.

Resumo Uma das novas iniciativas de águas e agricultura ecológica no Peru é incentivar a utilização de resíduos agrícolas, porque a baixa produção agrícola é uma ameaça à segurança alimentar no país. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito dos resíduos da colheita na produção de basidiocarpos do fungo Pleurotus ostreatus, em Acobamba-Huancavelica. O ensaio teve um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e os tratamentos incluíram T1, restolho de cevada; T2, soqueiras de trigo; T3, restolho de ervilha; T4, restolho de fava; e T5, restolho de quinoa. A pesquisa foi de natureza quantitativa, assumindo a forma de experimento com um nível de design aplicado e explicativo. Os dados registrados foram tabulados e analisados com análise de variância, bem como teste de Tukey (α:0,05), para o qual foi utilizado o software estatístico Infostat. Os resultados são apresentados em tabelas e gráficos para melhor interpretação. Como principais resultados, obteve-se que o tempo (colonização), diâmetro (caule, píleo), comprimento (caule) e peso (basidiocarpos) apresentam diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos, mostrando melhora significativa em todos os parâmetros. Apesar da diferença numérica, o teste de comparação de médias de Tukey revelou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias para a variável tempo de colonização do fungo, sugerindo que o tratamento T5 em que usou o substrato quinoa, apresentou a maior média. O tratamento T4, no qual foram usadas restolhos de fava, apresentou a média mais baixa. Em conclusão, incrementos em todos os parâmetros foram observados em todos os tratamentos de Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus nas condições de Acobamba.

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of rhizobium and gibberellin on the production of hydroponic green forage from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) variety quiñequeli, four variables were measured: plant height, biomass weight, grass weight and root weight. The treatments were T0: 0%, T1: 10%, T2: 20%, T3: 30% and T4: 40% of Rhizobium before germination and Gibberellin T0: 0g, T1: 2.4g; T2: 3.3g; T3: 4.3 and T4: 5.3g each treatment with 6 repetitions, three applications on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 of growth. Data were analyzed with DCA, ANOVA and DUNCAN's multiple comparisons test; the results obtained were: first measurement with rhizobium without gibberellin there were no statistical differences, second and third measurement with Gibberellin application did not present statistical differences and the fourth measurement presented statistical difference (α=0.05), average height of the plant with a mean of 12.82 cm, T4 was higher, in biomass a statistical difference was obtained with a mean of 3.056 kg, T3 was higher, weight of grass and root did not present statistical differences; concluding that the use of rhizobium and gibberellin could be a usable alternative in the production of hydroponic green fodder, to alleviate the problems of fodder scarcity in dry season, its use being recommended in high Andean livestock.

Resumo O objetivo da presente investigação foi determinar o efeito do rizóbio e da giberelina na produção de forragem verde hidropônica a partir do trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense L.), variedade quiñequeli, para isso, foram medidas quatro variáveis: altura da planta, peso da biomassa, peso do capim e peso da raiz. Os tratamentos foram T0: 0%, T1: 10%, T2: 20%, T3: 30% e T4: 40% de Rizóbio antes da germinação, e Giberelina T0: 0g, T1: 2,4g; T2: 3,3g; T3: 4,3 e T4: 5,3g a cada tratamento com 6 repetições, com três aplicações nos dias 5, 10, 15 e 20 de crescimento. Os dados foram analisados com DCA, ANOVA e teste de comparações múltiplas de DUNCAN; os resultados obtidos foram: a primeira medição com rizóbio sem giberelina não apresentou diferenças estatísticas, a segunda e terceira medição com aplicação de giberelina não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas e a quarta medição apresentou diferença estatística (α=0,05), altura média da planta com média de 12,82 cm, T4 foi maior, na biomassa obteve-se diferença estatística com média de 3,056 kg, T3 foi maior, peso do capim e da raiz não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas; concluindo que o uso de rizóbio e giberelina poderia ser uma alternativa utilizável na produção de forragem verde hidropônica para aliviar os problemas de escassez de forragem na estação seca, sendo seu uso recomendado para a pecuária da região alta-andina.

Abstract Integrated nutrient management is a promising way to avoid plant nutrient shortages because of the positive relationship between the bioavailability of nutrients and greater economic interest in their application through organic amendments and microbial application. To examine how compost, charcoal, and rhizobium influence maize development, an experiment was set up in a container. In addition to the appropriate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, the soil in the allotted pots was treated with 50 ml of rhizobium, 5 tonnes of compost, and 2.5 tonnes of biochar before maize seeds were planted. A total of nine treatments (with three replicates each) were arranged in a completely randomized design for this experiment. Various agronomic, chemical, and physiological data were measured and recorded after the crop was harvested 110 days after sowing. The results showed that when biochar, compost, and rhizobium were applied together, the root fresh biomass rose by 43.4%, the root dry biomass increased by 38.3%, and the shoot length increased by 61.7%, compared to the control treatment. Chlorophyll content (41.3% higher), photosynthetic rate (58.5% higher), transpiration rate (64.4% higher), quantum yield (32.6% higher), and stomatal conductivity (25.3% higher) were all significantly improved compared to the control. Soil levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were also improved with this treatment compared to the control. The combined use of biochar, compost, and rhizobium was more successful than any of the components used individually in boosting maize yields. Based on the findings of our study, the integration of rhizobium, biochar, and compost within a unified treatment shown a substantial enhancement in both the growth and yield of maize.

Resumo A gestão integrada de nutrientes é uma forma promissora de evitar a escassez de nutrientes nas plantas devido à relação positiva entre a biodisponibilidade de nutrientes e o maior interesse econômico na sua aplicação, por meio de corretivos orgânicos e aplicação microbiana. Para examinar como o composto, o carvão e o rizóbio, influenciam o desenvolvimento do milho, foi montada uma experiência num recipiente. Além das quantidades adequadas de azoto, fósforo e potássio, o solo nos vasos atribuídos foi tratado com 50 ml de rizóbio, 5 toneladas de composto e 2,5 toneladas de biocarvão antes de as sementes de milho serem plantadas. Um total de 9 tratamentos (com 3 repetições cada) foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado para este experimento. Vários dados agronômicos, químicos e fisiológicos foram medidos e registrados após a colheita da cultura, 110 dias após a semeadura. Os resultados mostraram que quando biochar, composto e rizóbio foram aplicados juntos, a biomassa fresca da raiz aumentou 43,4%, a biomassa seca da raiz aumentou 38,3% e o comprimento da parte aérea aumentou 61,7%, em comparação com o tratamento controle. O conteúdo de clorofila (41,3% maior), a taxa fotossintética (58,5% maior), a taxa de transpiração (64,4% maior), o rendimento quântico (32,6% maior) e a condutividade estomática (25,3% maior) foram todos significativamente melhorados em comparação com o controle. Os níveis de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio no solo também melhoraram com este tratamento em comparação com o controle. O uso combinado de biocarvão, composto e rizóbio foi mais bem sucedido do que qualquer um dos componentes utilizados individualmente no aumento da produtividade do milho. Com base nas descobertas do nosso estudo, a integração de rizóbio, biocarvão e composto num tratamento unificado mostrou uma melhoria substancial tanto no crescimento como no rendimento do milho.

Abstract The pandemic and the geopolitical conflict between Russia and Ukraine are events that have caused economic instability in Peru. Reason that was investigated on the analysis of the biological and chemical characteristics of cabbage fed with compost based on sugarcane residues. The objective was to analyze the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of cabbage from the adequate dose of compost based on sugarcane residues and distance between plants. It is based on the methodology applied with an experimental approach, for which the Completely Random Block Design with a 4x 2 factorial arrangement was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 8 treatments that were the combination: F1 with 0, F2 with 8, T3 with 10 and F4 with 12 t/ha and spacing (D1) with 0.30 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows and (D2) with 0.35 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows. The physical characteristics of cabbage were evaluated and processed by analysis of variance, nutrient concentrations in leaves and stomatal density were analyzed. The results determined that T7 stood out in plant height with 41.88 cm, yield with 26.76 tn/ha and T6 in root length with 20.22 cm. In chemical analysis of leaves T1 stood out in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and T4 in calcium, magnesium and sulfur. In T7 stomata density with 977 stomata/mm2. It concludes that at an adequate dose and greater distance that T7 stands out in the concentration of nutrients that are within normal values and high density of stomata; Therefore, these characteristics influenced the optimal biochemical reactions, which obtained good development and yield that differed at 51.39% and 32.17% with respect to the controls T1 and T5.

Resumo A pandemia e o conflito geopolítico entre a Rússia e a Ucrânia são eventos que têm causado instabilidade econômica no Peru. Motivo que foi investigado na análise das características biológicas e químicas do repolho alimentado com composto à base de resíduos da cana-de-açúcar. O objetivo foi analisar as características físicas, químicas e biológicas do repolho a partir da dose adequada de composto à base de resíduos da cana-de-açúcar e distância entre plantas. Baseia-se na metodologia aplicada com uma abordagem experimental, para a qual foi utilizado o Delineamento de Blocos Completamente Aleatório com arranjo fatorial 4 x 2, que consistia em 3 blocos e 8 tratamentos que eram a combinação: F1 com 0, F2 com 8, T3 com 10 e F4 com 12 toneladas/ha e espaçamento (D1) com 0,30 m entre plantas e 0,60 m entre linhas e (D2) com 0,35 m entre plantas e 0,60 m entre linhas. As características físicas do repolho foram avaliadas e processadas por análise de variância, as concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas e a densidade estomática foram analisadas. Os resultados determinaram que T7 se destacou em altura de planta com 41,88 cm, produtividade com 26,76 tn/ha e T6 em comprimento de raiz com 20,22 cm. Na análise química das folhas T1 se destacou em nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e T4 em cálcio, magnésio e enxofre. Em densidade de estômatos T7 com 977 estômatos/mm2. Conclui que em dose adequada e maior distância que T7 se destaca na concentração de nutrientes que estão dentro dos valores normais e alta densidade de estômatos; Portanto, essas características influenciaram nas reações bioquímicas ótimas, que obtiveram bom desenvolvimento e rendimentos que diferiram em 51,39% e 32,17% em relação aos controles T1 e T5.

Background: Prostate cancer is the tumor with the highest incidence among men and one of Chile's leading causes of death. Aim: To analyze temporal trends in prostate cancer mortality in Chile. Material and Methods: Mortality rates in Chile for the period between 1955 and 2019 were calculated. The number of deaths was obtained from the national demographic yearbooks and the Ministery of Health mortality registries. Population estimates from the demographic center of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean of the United Nations were used. Chilean census population of 2017 was used as reference to calculate adjusted rates. Trends were analyzed using a join point regression. Results: Crude mortality rates of prostatic cancer increased between 1995 and 2012 in three different phases, namely between 1955 and 1989 with a 2.7% annual increase, between 1989 and 1996 at a 6.8% annual rate, and between 1996 to 2012 with a 2.8% annual increase. From 2012 the rate remained stable. Adjusted mortality rates increased slowly at a 1.7% rate from 1955 to 1993, accelerating between 1993 and 1996, when they increased 12.1% per year. From 1996 onwards there was a significant decrease in mortality at a 1.2% annual rate. This decrease was significant and observed within all age groups but more importantly at older ages. Conclusions: Prostate cancer mortality in Chile has decreased significantly during the last two decades, like that observed in developed nations.

Abstract This work proposes a photonic method to generate optical pulses with a triangular wave shape using a low coherence source. We modulate this source using a sinusoidal radio frequency signal as a local oscillator. We eliminate the second harmonic of the spectral components generated by the modulation process tuning a reject filter to get a triangular wave. We implement the filter using an interferometer with a delay line in one of their branches. To tune the filter, the only adjustment required is over the optical delay line. We developed our scheme in a simulation environment but based on the use of optical and optoelectronic elements with parameters of commercial devices, some of them available in our laboratory. We generate triangular waveform signals with pulse frequencies of 100, 150, 250, and 300 MHz as proof of concept. The proposed scheme has the advantage of being low cost and easy to use because it does not require bias control nor adjustment to V π voltage. Usually, other authors must vary these parameters to get the desired electrical signal. Still, we generate the triangular waveform by adjusting only the local oscillator frequency and the optical delay line. Therefore, because we use a broad-spectrum optical source and do not require a strictly controlled variable voltage, our system will be cheaper.

Resumen El autocuidado diádico en la insuficiencia cardiaca crónica (ICC) es clave para garantizar la continuidad del tratamiento, disminuir las complicaciones y los reingresos, y minimizar la sobrecarga del cuidador, pero demanda estrategias específicas. El objetivo fue identificar las intervenciones de autocuidado diádico en la ICC en el contexto hospitalario mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura en PubMed, CINAHL y PsycInfo; la calidad metodológica se valoró según las herramientas de CASPe y del Joanna Briggs Institute. Se identificaron los principales componentes de las intervenciones: formato de administración; dimensiones y estrategias utilizadas (cognitivo-actitudinal, afectiva-emocional y conductual); proveedores y receptores; instrumentos de medida utilizados; y efectividad. La mayoría de estudios mejoraron los resultados, especialmente síntomas de depresión y/o ansiedad, adherencia al tratamiento, dieta y control del peso. Se recomiendan intervenciones innovadoras que incluyan componentes de las tres dimensiones identificadas y el uso de escalas válidas, fiables y específicas para medir los resultados.

Abstract Dyadic self-care in chronic heart failure (CHF) is key to ensure treatment continuity, reduce complications and readmissions, and minimise caregiver burden, but it requires specific strategies. The aim of the study was to identify dyadic self-management interventions in CHF in hospital settings by means of a systematic literature review conducted in the Pubmed, CINAHL and PsycInfo databases. Methodological quality was assessed according to CASPe and Joanna Briggs Institute tools. The main components of the interventions were identified: delivery format; dimensions and strategies used (cognitive-attitudinal, affective-emotional and behavioural); providers and recipients; measurement instruments used; and effectiveness. Most of the studies demonstrated improved outcomes, especially in depression and/or anxiety symptoms, adherence to treatment, diet and weight control. Innovative interventions that include components of the three dimensions identified and the use of valid, reliable and specific scales to measure outcomes are recommended.

Abstract Background. A brain-machine interface (BMI) is a device or experimental setup that receives a brain signal, classifies it and then uses it as a computer command. There is not a consensus on which kind of learning methodology (deep learning, convolutional networks, AI, etc.) and/or type of algorithms in each methodology, are best to run BMI’s. Objective. The aim of this work was to build a low-cost, portable, easy-to-use and a reliable Motor Imagery Electro-encephalography (EEG-MI) based BMI; comparing different algorithms to find the one that best satisfies such conditions. Methods. In this study, motor imagery (MI) EEG signals, from both PhysioNet public data and our own laboratory data obtained using an Emotiv headset, were classified with four machine learning algorithms. These algorithms were: Common spatial patterns (CSP) combined with linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Deep neural network (DNN), convolutional neural network (CNN) and finally Riemannian minimum distance to mean (RMDM). Results. The mean accuracy for each method was 78%, 66%, 60% and 80% respectively. The best results were obtained for the baseline vs Motor Imagery (MI) comparison. With global-training public data, an accuracy between 86.4% and 99.9% was achieved. With global-training lab data, the accuracy was above 99% for the CSP and RMDM cases. For lab data, the classification/prediction computing time per event were 8.3 ms, 18.1 ms, 62 ms and 9.9 ms, respectively. In the discussion a comparison between the results presented here and state-of-the-art of methodologies and algorithms for BMI’s can be found. Conclusions. The CSP and RMDM algorithms resulted in fast (computing time) and effective (success rate) tools for their implementation as deep learning algorithms in BMIs.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades periodontales necrotizantes son cuadros agudos que se acompañan de signos y síntomas locales y sistémicos que se caracterizan por la necrosis de tejidos gingivales, periodontal, pudiendo incluir otros tejidos orales dependiendo de la severidad de la infección. En esta revisión sistemática queremos evaluar cuáles son los factores predisponentes de mayor relevancia para el desarrollo de estas infecciones, así como las medidas terapéuticas más efectivas para tratarlas. Material y métodos: Realizamos una búsqueda bibliográfica en tres bases de datos (PubMed, Cochrane y Scopus) de los últimos 10 años. Se usaron las siguientes palabras clave: “necrotisingulcerative gingivitis”, “necrotising ulcerative periodontitis”, “necrotising ulcerative stomatitis” y “aetiology”; combinados con los operadores boleanosAND y OR. Resultados: Después de aplicar los criterios de exclusión, quedan 19 artículos. Entre los factores de riesgo más importantes encontramos la malnutrición severa, la mala higiene oral y los depósitos de placa dental, las infecciones previas y los cuadros de inmunosupresión. En cuanto a las intervenciones terapéuticas, la literatura destaca el desbridamiento supra y subgingival. La terapia farmacológica más utilizada es el metronidazol como monoterapia o combinado con amoxicilina. Los coadyuvantes más empleados fueron los colutorios de clorhexidina y el peróxido de hidrógeno. Conclusiones: Las enfermedades periodontales necrotizantes son entidades de etiología mayormente bacteriana inespecífica que están sujetas a factores causales que afectan al estado general del paciente. El tratamiento de las mismas se basa en el control de los factores de riesgo a la vez que se soluciona la infección.

ABSTRACT Introduccion: Periodontal necrotising diseases are acute conditions accompanied by local and systemic signs and symptoms characterised by gingival tissues necrosis; however, they can include periodontal or other oral tissues depending on the severity of the infection. In this systematic review we want to evaluate which are the most relevant predisposing factors for the development of these infections, as well as the therapeutic approaches that have shown affectivity against them. Material and methods: A bibliographic search of the last 10 years was conducted in three databases (PubMed, Cochrane y Scopus). We used the following keywords: “necrotising ulcerative gingivitis”, “necrotising ulcerative periodontitis” , “necrotising ulcerative stomatitis” y “aetiology”; combining them with Boolean operators (AND and OR). Results: After applying the exclusion criteria, 19 papers remained. Among the most important risk factors we found severe malnutrition, the bad oral hygiene and deposits of tartar, previous infections and immunosuppression. Regarding to therapeutic interventions, literature highlights supragingival and subgingival debridement. The most used pharmacological strategy is monotherapy with metronidazole or combined with amoxicillin. The most used adjuvant treatments are chlorhexidine and peroxide mouthwashes. Conclusions: Periodontal Necrotising diseases are entities which have a mainly unspecific bacterial cause and depend on causative factors that affect to patient's general state. Their treatment is based on the control of risk factors while we solve the infection.

Resumen Objetivo: La desnutrición hospitalaria incrementa el riesgo de padecer complicaciones, agravado por la escasa formación y sensibilidad en nutrición clínica del personal sanitario. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la capacidad de optimización de la prescripción de nutrición parenteral como consecuencia de la creación de un grupo multidisciplinar. Métodos: Se creó un equipo multidisciplinar para asesorar a los servicios médico-quirúrgicos en nutrición, optimizar la prescripción de nutrición parenteral e informar y empoderar al paciente. Se establecieron las bases para el funcionamiento de un grupo asesor de nutrición parenteral (GANP) que se reunió de forma diaria para evaluar las prescripciones de nutrición parenteral del centro, realizando una entrevista clínica y una valoración nutricional individualizada y decidió sobre el tratamiento nutricional más adecuado en cada paciente. Se establecieron diferentes grados de desempeño (pobre 0-20%, adecuado 21-50%, bueno 51-80% o excelente >80%) en función del porcentaje de NP centrales asumidas y el grado de satisfacción del paciente. Se proporcionaron encuestas de satisfacción voluntarias a los pacientes, y se valoraron en una escala de 0 a 10. Resultados: Se evaluaron 97 pacientes con NP durante un año. El 100% de las NP centrales fueron asumidas por el GANP (68,3% de las NP totales). El 92,7% de las nutriciones totales estuvieron indicadas correctamente y en el 74,8% la prescripción fue adecuada. El grado de satisfacción medio fue de 9,5/10,0. El programa obtuvo un grado de desempeño excelente. Conclusiones: La creación de un grupo de trabajo multidisciplinar contribuye a la optimización de la terapia nutricional.

Summary Objective: Hospital malnutrition increases the risk of complications, aggravated by the scarce training and sensitivity in clinical nutrition of health personnel. The objective is to evaluate the optimization capacity of parenteral nutrition prescription as a consequence of the creation of a multidisciplinary group. Methods: A multidisciplinary team was created to advise the medical-surgical services on nutrition, optimize the prescription of parenteral nutrition and inform and empower the patient. The foundations were established for the functioning of a parenteral nutrition advisory group (GANP) that met daily to evaluate the center's parenteral nutrition prescriptions, conducting a clinical interview and an individualized nutritional assessment and decided on the most appropriate nutritional treatment in each patient. Different degrees of performance were established (poor 0-20%, adequate 21-50%, good 51-80% or excellent >80%) depending on the percentage of assumed central PNs and the degree of patient satisfaction. Voluntary satisfaction surveys were provided to patients, and they were rated on a scale of 0 to 10. Results: 97 patients with PN were evaluated for one year. 100% of the central NPs were assumed by the GANP (68.3% of the total NPs). 92.7% of the total nutritionals were indicated correctly and in 74.8% the prescription was adequate. The average degree of satisfaction was 9.5/10.0. The program obtained an excellent performance grade. Conclusions: The creation of a multidisciplinary working group contributes to the optimization of nutritional therapy.